Evidence-Based Supports for Teaching Executive Functions

The words “executive functions” sounds fancy. I like to think about it like the brain’s toolbox of skills. These skills help us with  planning, organizing, remembering, shifting, and regulating. Sometimes my day might entail 14 sticky notes, 3 cups of coffee, and a lot of hope. My tool box helps me get through the days! For many of our learners, these executive functioning skills develop differently which may look like trouble starting work, difficulty switching tasks, or feeling overwhelmed by open-ended assignments. With the right supports, our learners thrive in independence and confidence which in turn reduces anxiety. Let’s jump into the research-backed EF strategies that will transform your teaching game!

 

Accommodations for Executive Functions

Executive functioning has a few key components: inhibition (self-control), working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, organizing, and initiation. Some accommodations that many of our learners have are:

  • Needing more time to start a task 
  • Trouble shifting from preferred to non-preferred (or non-preferred to literally anything else) 
  • Difficulty with multi-step directions (all teachers everywhere just nodded) 
  • Shutdowns or overwhelm when tasks feel unpredictable

Evidence-Based Executive Function Supports That Really Work

1. Visual Supports: Visuals take the pressure off of our working memory and make tasks more concrete.

  • Picture schedules 
  • Task strips for class jobs, morning routines, writing assignments 
  • A “finished” bin or folder so students know where to put assignments when they’re done 
  • Graphic organizers for everything from essays to math problem solving 
  • A visual list of what do to when they’re done
  • “what can I do while I wait?” visual

 

2. Structured Work Systems:Treatments and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped Children (TEACCH) is evidence-based and helps students understand:

  1. What work they’re doing 
  2. How much there is 
  3. When it’s finished 
  4. What happens next 

Examples that you will see in our classroom: 

  • Color-coded student materials 
  • An independent workstation with start/finish labels 
  • A sample of what complete work looks like
3. Task Analysis: Breaking tasks into smaller steps which reduces overwhelm and supports initiation.

Examples that you will see in our classroom:

  • Break writing assignments into smaller lessons: brainstorm, draft, revise 
  • Divide a 20-question worksheet into 4 boxes of 5 
  • Use a visual timer to complete independent reading 

4. Predictable Routines and Notices about Changes: Predictability reduces cognitive load and supports cognitive flexibility.

Examples you will see in our classroom:

  • A morning preview of the day 
  • Visual timers for each activity
  • large visual classroom schedule
  • individual visual schedules
  • A 2 minute warning before transitions 
  • A designated “change card” for schedule updates
5. Self-Regulation Supports: If a learner is dysregulated, executive functions are not available. My team and I support the sensory and emotional needs before typical expectations. We have seen tshirts and many sayings during professional development and we are reminded of “regulation  before expectations.”

What you will see in our classroom: 

  • A calm corner with sensory tools, choice boards, and visuals 
  • Co-regulation (modeling calm tone and breathing)
  • Interoception lessons with our OT: “What is my body telling me right now?”

 

Why we teach Executive Functions 

With direct teaching around executive functions and supports throughout the day, our learners are able to access learning. My team and I are still able to let our learners be who they are without covering up who they are, because they’re all really great! We are able to: 

  • Giving choices
  • Allowing processing time
  • Reducing unnecessary demands
  • Validating their communication style
  • Letting them self stimulate, move, and regulate as needed
I am working with a new team this year and I have already learned so much from each and every one of them! I am also in a higher grade level than ever before. This year has thrown a lot of new at me and my executive functions have also been working hard. With more of a focus on daily practice with executive skills, it has helped us all!

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